The structure of Japanese sentences is discussed in the following chapter. The element contains an auxiliary word. Why do Japanese sentences use auxiliary words? Japanese auxiliary words are called  “動詞（どうしdoushi doshi)

There are 188 Japanese particles in total. A beginner does not have to know all 188 particles in Japanese. There are so many that it would take a book in and of itself to discuss all of them and their uses.

What is basic japanese particle

During Japanese language communication, particles serve as a sort of “glue.” Basically, Japanese particles describe what you are talking about. Nouns, objects, and verbs are related by their properties. In English, a number of articles and preposition words such as “to”, “in”, and “on” are equivalent.

What is the use of wa in Japanese?

は(wa)” is a postpositional particle and has no meaning. “は” is pronounced “wa” when it is a postpositional particle.  This particle indicates the topic of a sentence and tells the listener what the sentence is talking about.

N1 は N2 です。

1. わたしは アメリカ人です。 I am American.

2. 佐藤さんは学生です。 Mr.Sato is a student.

3. わたしは タイの 学生です。 I am an Thai student.

What is ga particle in japanese

The particle ga (ka/ga) is another particle that is used frequently and has a wide variety of functions. The first function is to use the preceding word as the subject of the sentence.

I ate breakfast >> I’m  the subject of the sentence.

私が朝ごはんを食べました。

Second function is used with some verbs or adjectives to describe the natural appearance of emotion which verbs and adjectives The following must use the particle が only.

Japanese word	Meaning
あります	Have ( Non living )
います	Have ( human , animal )
わかります	Understand
好きです(すきです)	Like
嫌いです(きらいです)	Hate / dislike
上手です(じょうずです)	Good at
ほしいです	Want

Example :

1.私がこの絵を描きました。 I painted this painting myself.

2.私が払いましょう。 I’ll pay for that.

Third function It is used to indicate a noun that has an adjective after it.

1.今日は都合がいいです。 Today is convenient for me.

2.大阪は食べ物がおいしいです。 Food in Osaka is delicious.

Conjunctions connect conflicting sentences in the fourth function. which means “but”

1.難しいですが、頑張ります。 It is difficult, but I will do my best.

2.実験は大変ですが、面白いです。 Experiments are difficult but interesting.

3.月曜日ですが、もう疲れている。 It’s Monday, but I am already exhausted.

What does the Japanese particle Wo mean

Wo を is using it as a direct object marker, meaning that it marks the noun which receives an action or event described by a verb. For example,ご飯を食べます。 I eat rice. ご飯 is Object and 食べます is Verb.  It is important to pronounce the particle を as “o”. The direct object of a verb always links it to that action, which makes its correct pronunciation more than necessary for clarity in communication. The word before を O must be Noun. Noun + を O

direct object	object marker	verb
ラーメン	を	食べました。
Ramen	o	Ate

Example

1.私はテレビを見ます。   I watch TV.

2.ラーメンを食べました。I ate ramen.

3.日本語を勉強しています。  I am studying Japanese.

How do you use the Ni particle in Japanese

ow to use the particle に. This is a great introduction to using particles in Japanese and some of the nuances that are important to know when trying to communicate with others.

There are 7 common ways to use Ni particle in Japanese 

Ni に used to indicate following

1.Indirect Object Marker

2.Location of Existence

3.Direct Contract

4.Specific Time 

5.Indicates Direction 

6.Source

7.Frequency expressions 

How do you use the Ni particle in a sentence?

There are common 7 ways to use Ni particle

1.Indirect Object Marker

に Ni is a particle that can be used to mark the indirect object, showing who or what received an action.

Example :　

1.　田中さんに電話をしました。 I called Mr. Tanaka.

2.    友だちに日本語を教えます。I will teach Japanese to my friends.

2.Location of Existence

The particle に Ni is typically used with verbs such as iru (to exist), aru (to exist) . It means at or in, but can also be translated into to go inside of something like a house.

Example :　

1.　先生は学校にいます。The teacher is at school.

2.　図書館に教科書があります。There are textbooks in the library.

3.    建物の中に入ります。Enter the building.

3.Direct Contract

We use に Ni when a motion or action is directed at or onto an object or place.

Example :　

1. 建物の中に入ります。Enter the building.

2. バスに乗ります。　Take the bus. ( Get into the bus)

4.Specific Time 

We use に Ni to indicate the time that action happen

Example :　

1. 私は毎日、朝7時に起きます。I get up every day at 7am.

2. 会議は朝8時に始まります。   The meeting starts at 8 am.

5.Indicates Direction 

Indicates a place or territory as a destination or direction.

Example :　

1.日本に行きます。 I’m going to Japan.

2.学校に行きます。I will go to school.

6.Purpose

Indicate objectives, goals

Example :　

1.日本へ日本語を勉強しに行きます。　I’m going to Japan to study Japanese.

2.ラーメンを食べに行きます。　I’m going to eat ramen.

7.Source

Indicate person or target that is doing or being acted upon.

Example :　

1.私は彼女にチョコレートをもらいました。I got her chocolate.

2.私は妹にお金をあげました。　I gave my sister money.

8.Frequency expressions 

Indicate how often to do the action.

Example :　

1.私は週に1回日本語を勉強しています。

2.私は週に2回運動をします。

What does the particle mo means

basic Japanese.も is an auxiliary word for the Subject. mean too and also . to explain whether the subject is the same or does the same The form of use is N1もN3です。N1もAdj-い or なです。For example : 山田さんも日本人です。Mr. Yamada is also Japanese

How do you use Mo も in Japanese

There are 4 common ways more to use Mo も

1.to bring up a particular subject to show that there are other things in the same way too

Example :

1.山田さんも日本人です。Mr. Yamada is also Japanese

2.あなたも日本に行くんですか。Do you go to Japan too?

2.To bring up various subjects and describe that there are the same conditions too.

Example :

1.今日も一緒に頑張りましょう。Let’s do our best together today.

2.昨日は暑かったですが、今日も暑いですね。It was hot yesterday, but it’s hot today as well.

3.Used at the end of interrogative pronouns. to express the meaning of not at all or totally accept

Example :

1.はやすぎたので、なにも分かりませんでした。I didn’t understand anything because it was too fast.

2.真っ暗なので、何も、見えないよ。It’s pitch black, so I can’t see anything.

4.express shock or impression

Example :

1.この寿司は9００円もする。This sushi costs 900 yen

2.どこにも行けないから、1か月間10キロも太ってきた。I can’t go anywhere, so I’ve gained 10 kilos for a month.

What does the Japanese particle no mean

The Japanese Particle NO (の) is used to indicate possession, and to link nouns together into a hierarchy. 

1. Particle NO (の) is used to show possession. In order for this exercise, you will need to know the word “watashi” in Japanese which means ‘I’. The example sentence: watashino namae (わたし の なまえ) would mean ‘my name

2. Particle NO (の) is used to link nouns together into a hierarchy.  For example, Tokyo daigaku no gakusei (東京大学の学生), connects two of them in this case “大学” meaning college and “学生” which means student. 

3. Particle NO (の) indicates a relative position. For example, 机の上 ( On the table. 箱の中 ( inside the box)

How to use NO (の) to indicate possession

When you think about the two words ‘Yamada’ and ‘house,’ it is clear that they are both nouns. In English, we use an apostrophe to show possession of a house by Yamada; in Japanese の will do just as well!　

The particle NO (の) can be used for indicating ownership or belonging to someone else. For example, 山田の家（Yamada’s house) , 私の家（My house)　

の shows us the relationship between two nouns.

Example : 　　(1)　わたしのペン　My pen　

わたしのペンはこれです。　This is my pen.

　 （2）山田さんの車　Yamada’s Car

山田さんの車は赤いです。Mr. Yamada’s car is red.

How to use Particle NO (の) is used to link nouns together into a hierarchy.

Particle NO (の) is used to link nouns together into a hierarchy.  For example, Tokyo daigaku no gakusei (東京大学の学生), connects two of them in this case “大学” meaning college and “学生” which means student. 

Example : （1）日本の車　　Japanese anime

日本のアニメが好きですか。Do you like Japanese anime

  (2) 東京大学の学生　　University of Tokyo student

私は東京大学の学生です。　I am a student at the University of Tokyo.

How to use Particle NO (の) indicates a relative position

Particle NO (の) tells us all about the person’s location in relation to another, and it means “a place where there is.

Example : (1）机の上　　On the table

鉛筆は机の上にあります。　The pencil is on the desk.

(2）家の外    outside of home

家の外にだれかいます。　  Someone is outside the house.

What is へ e particle in japanese

This Particle is written in Hiragana へ (he), but when it is used as an Particle it is pronounced as e.used to denote that the word in front is a place It is often used with the verb “to go, come back”.

行く （いく） go

来る （くる）　 come

帰る （かえる） go back

Example：

1.駅へ行く。 To go to the station.

2.私は家へ帰ります。 I will return home.

3.いつ日本へ来ますか。 When are you coming to Japan?

What does the particle De mean in Japanese?

De is the help used to indicate a place Vehicles or methods, tools, equipment, or the language we use It means at ～ /by ~ /with～

Example :

1.食堂でご飯を食べます。I eat at the canteen

2.東京から大阪まで飛行機で行きます。 I will fly from Tokyo to Osaka.

3.私は、いつも駅まで原動機付き自転車で行きます。 I always go to the station by moped.

What is the particle to use in Japanese?

It is a particle used to connect words. meaning and, with, also, that

Example :

1.黒と白の猫 black and white cat

2.カップとお皿 cup and platter

What are the 188 Japanese particles?

The Japanese particle is a small word that indicates the relationship between words within a sentence. As part of a sentence, they are followed by other words, such as nouns, verbs, and adjectives. In English, some prepositions can be used as comparisons. Japanese uses 188 particles in total.

Here is a list of 188 Japanese particles Download

Credit List by : https://nihongoichiban.com

Example sentence by : https://jlpttutor.com/

No	Particle	Meaning / usage	Example
1	は (wa)	Indicates the topic of a sentence	この箱は重い。 This box is heavy.
2	か (ka)	At the end of a sentence indicating a question	お元気ですか。 Are you fine?
3	が (ga)	Indicates the subject of a sentence	兄がいます。 I have an older brother.
4	に (ni)	Indicates a location	家に帰る。 To return to one’s home.
5	の (no)	Indicates possession	今年の春 this spring
6	は (wa)	Indicates a contrast between 2 items	昨日は寒かったですが、今日は暑いです。It was cold yesterday. It’s hot today.
7	に (ni)	Indicates time or frequency	週に一冊本を読む。 I read one book a week.
8	へ (e)	Indicates direction	会社へ行く。 To go to the company.
9	を (wo/o)	Indicates the direct object of a verb	昼ご飯を食べる to have lunch
10	と (to)	Used to connect and list up multiple items	私と友達がいます。 A friend and I are here.
11	や (ya)	Used to connect and partially list up multiple items	アニメやドラマ Anime or Drama
12	など (nado)	Used with や (ya) to partially list up multiple items	腰や背中などが痛い。 Things like my hips and back hurt (among others).
13	も (mo)	means “too”, “either”, “also”	これも古い。 This is also old.
14	も (mo)	both…and…, neither…nor…	私は友だちが1人もいない　I have no friends
15	に (ni)	Indicates the indirect object of a verb	仕事に復帰するのに苦労した。 I had trouble getting back to work.
16	に (ni)	Indicates the surface of a object where some action takes place	会社に電話を掛けます。 I will call the company.
17	で (de)	Indicates the location of an action	日本の会社で働くと思います。 I think I will be working for a Japanese company.
18	と (to)	Together with	教育と訓練 education and training
19	の (no)	Indicates an apposition	私の先輩 my superior
20	から (kara)	Indicates a starting point in time or place	今から　帰るよ。’m going to head home now.
21	より (yori)	Indicates a starting point in time or place but more formal than kara (20)	彼は私より年上です。 He’s older than me.
22	まで (made)	Indicates a limit on time, space or quantity	駅まで、歩く。 To walk until the station.
23	くらい (kurai)	Indicates an approximate amount	彼は１０歳くらいだろう。 He’s about 10 years old.
24	ほど (hodo)	Indicates an approximate amount	彼ほど不幸せな人はいないな。 There’s no one more unfortunate than he is.
25	ばかり(bakari)	Indicates an approximate amount	彼女は不満ばかり言う。 She always complains.
26	で (de)	Indicates a means or material	木で部屋を作ります。 I build a room with wood.
27	か (ka)	Indicates a choice or alternative	明日か今日 Tomorrow or today
28	を (wo/o)	Indicates a point of departure	家を出るのは何時ごろ？ Around what time will you leave
29	を (wo/o)	Indicates a route of a movement/motion	角を曲がると、郵便局がある。 When you turn the corner, you’ll find the post office.
30	に (ni)	Indicates a point of arrival	お父さんが公園に着くところだ。 The father is arriving at the park.
31	に (ni)	Indicates an entering motion	私達は同年に会社に入った。 We were employed in the same year.
32	に (ni)	Used together with a verb to express a purpose	昼飯食べに行かない？ Wanna go grab some lunch?
33	と (to)	Used when quoting someone	母はいつも私に「こうしなさい。」と言います。 My mother always tells to do things “this (her) way.”
34	と いう (to iu)	Indicates the name of something	ぼくは「たろう」と言います。 They call me Taro.
35	とか (toka)	“something like”	ねずみとか、ねことか、犬とか、いる。 There are mice, cats, and dogs and things.
36	で (de)	Indicates a limit or scope	一人で病院へ行きます。 I will go to the hospital alone.
37	と (to)	Indicates a comparison	同僚と比べると私の収入は比較的低めだ。 My income is relatively low compared to my coworkers’.
38	より (yori)	Indicates a comparison	男性の体温は平熱より高いです。 The man’s body temperature is higher than normal.
39	より (yori)	Indicates superlative	日本　より　あつい。 It’s hotter than Japan.
40	くらい (kurai)	Indicates a comparison	身長はどれくらいありますか。 How tall are you?
41	ほど (hodo)	Indicates a comparison in a negative sentence	自転車は電車ほど速くないです。 A bike is not as fast as a train.
42	か (ka)	someone, something	だれか、有名な　人に　会いたいな。 I’d sure like to meet someone famous.
43	も (mo)	“nothing”, nobody”, nowhere” if used with an interrogative word	この公園にはベンチが１脚もない。 There isn’t even one bench in this park.
44	に (ni)	Used with a verb to indicate a change or choice	勉強したら、テストは簡単になる。 If you study, the test will become easy.
45	をする (wo/o suru)	Expresses an occupation or position	私は毎日仕事をする。 I work everyday.
46	でも (demo)	Indicates emphasis	雨でも家へ帰ります。 I will return home even if it rains.
47	でも (demo)	Together with an interrogative word it means “anything”, “anyone”, any time”	いつでも来て下さい。 Come and see me whenever you want to.
48	で (de)	Indicates a cause or a reason	風邪で授業を欠席しました。 I’ve been absent from classes because I have a cold.
49	から (kara)	Indicates a source such as a giver, a cause or material	鈴木さんから聞いたよ。昨日まりちゃんが大変だったって。
50	に (ni)	Indicates a person who gives something or who provides a service	この本を君にあげます。 I’m going to give you this book.
51	は (wa) + が (ga)	Indicates the relation between an object / subjects and a verb or adjective	トムは頭がいい。 Tom is smart.
52	が (ga)	Connects two sentences with the meaning “but…”	寒いですが、外へ行きます。 It’s cold, but I will go outside.
53	を (wo/o)	Used with an verb expressing emotions, it indicates the cause of this emotion	満足を感じる feeling satisfied
54	で (de)	Indicates a state / condition of something	途中で財布を落としました。 I lost my purse on the way.
55	で (de)	Limits numbers	全部で1050円です。 Your total is 1050yen.
56	だけ (dake)	Indicates a limit on things or amounts	一人だけです。 Only one person.
57	だけ (dake)	Indicates a limit on an action or state	見ているだけです。 I’m just looking.
58	で (de)	Indicates the time of completion or expiration of something	あと一日で卒業です。 We will graduate in one day.
59	でも (demo)	Following a noun, means “or something like this”	ケーキでも　たべる？ Do you want to eat (“will you eat”) some cake or something?
60	も (mo)	Emphasizes in a positive or negative way	その店に何十人も行列していたよ。 Tens of people formed a line to the shop.
61	でも (demo)	Indicates two or more items as an example of a larger list	バスケットボールは裏庭でも国際アリーナでも、どんな場所でもプレーすることができる。 Basketball can be played anywhere from backyard hoops to international arenas.
62	ばかり (bakari)	Indicates that an item, state or action is a single one	彼は陳腐な言い訳ばかりしている He is always giving worn-out excuses.
63	ばかり (bakari)	Indicates an action was just completed	彼は、海外赴任から戻ったばかりだ。 He just returned from his overseas assignment.
64	ところ (tokoro)	Indicates that an action takes place, just took place or is about to take place	お父さんが、家に帰るところだ。 The father is returning home.
65	が (ga)	Indicates the subject of subordinate clause when it is different from the subject of the main clause	私はできません。彼女ができます。I can not do it. She can
66	から (kara)	conjunction meaning “after” or “since”	宿題をしてから、遊んでもいい。 After doing your home work, it is okay if you play.
67	ながら (nagara)	Indicates that an action is happening simultaneously	掃除しながら、テレビを見ます。 I watch TV while doing cleaning.
68	が (ga)	Indicates the subject of a relative clause	私は映画を見るのがすきです。　I like watching movies.
69	の (no)	Indicates the subject of a relative clause	A:これは誰の鞄ですか。B:この鞄はわたしのです。　A: Whose bag is this? B: This bag is mine.
70	から (kara)	Used as a conjunction and indicates a cause or reason	３時ですから、ちょっと休憩しましょう。 It’s 3:00, so let’s take a break.
71	ので (node)	Indicates a strong reason	寒いので手袋をしました。 I wore gloves because it was cold.
72	の (no)	Indicates a modified pronoun	黒いのが私のです。 The black one is mine.
73	の (no)	Used to nominalize verbs & sentences	私は絵を見るのが好きです。 I like looking at pictures.
74	なら (nara)	Used as a conjunction and indicates a supposition or condition	何時なら空いていますか？ What time would it be available?
75	なら (nara)	Indicates a topics and is used as an alternative to wa (No.1)	トムが行かないなら私も行かない。 Tom, if you’re not going I’m not going either.
76	と (to)	Indicates a condition that results in an inevitable outcome	女性が家に帰るところだ。 The woman is returning home.
77	ば (ba)	Used as a conjunction to express a probable results	一日一個のりんごを食べれば、医者は要らない。 An apple a day keeps the doctor away.
78	ばいい (ba)	“all you have to do…”	明日は何時に迎えに行けばいい？ When should I come to pick you up tomorrow
79	ば (ba)	Used to enumerate two or more actions or states	黙ってればよかったのに。 You should have kept your mouth shut.
80	たら (tara)	Used as a conjunction, indicates a supposition or condition	2時になったら寝るね。 Once it hits two o’clock, I’ll go to bed
81	たら (tara)	Used as a conjunction to indicate that one action takes place before the action described in the main sentence	彼氏できたら教えてね。 Tell me if you find a boyfriend.
82	ところ (tokoro)	Used as a conjunction to indicate a condition that brings about a discovery	男の人が正面ドアから出てきたところだ。 That man just came out through the front door.
83	ても (temo)	a conjunction meaning “even if”	早くてもいいんです。 Even if it is early it is okay.
84	ても (temo)	Used with a set of contrasting verbs and adjectives	たとえ両親が反対しても私は行く。 I will go even if my parents are against it.
85	ても (temo)	Together with an interrogative word it means “no matter what/where/who”	たとえ、嵐になっても絶対に行く。 Even if the storm comes, I’ll go for sure.
86	ては (tewa)	Indicates a condition which will bring a negative conclusion	食べては寝て、起きてはまた食べている。 She eats and then she sleeps. Then as soon as she wakes up, she’s eating again.
87	のみ (nomi)	Indicates a limit (similar to だけ dake)	事務所のみなさんは親切です。友達ができ易いです。 Everybody’s very nice at work. It’s easy to make friends.
88	まで (made)	“even”, used to emphasize	ホコリまでない部屋。 A room without even a speck of dust.
89	さえ (sae)	“even”, used to emphasize	それは子供でさえ分かる。 Even children can understand it.
90	さえ (sae)	“if only” or “as long as”	小鳥が木の枝でさえずっています The small bird is singing on the tree branch.
91	のに (noni)	“although”, “in spite of the fact that”	彼は若いのにしっかりしてるね。 He is responsible even though he is young.
92	ながら (nagara)	“although”, “though”, “but”	残念ながら、これは間違っています。 Unfortunately, this is incorrect.
93	とか (toka)	Indicates that a list of two ore more things or actions is not exhaustive	どんぶりとか、すごく　すき　です。 I really like donburi and stuff like that.
94	たり (tari)	List of two or more actions in no particular sequence	娘は泣いたり、笑ったりします。 The daughter cries a bit and laughs a bit.
95	たり (tari)	Indicates actions or states that alternate	宝くじで100万円当たりました I won one million yen in the lottery.
96	のに (noni)	Indicates a purpose or function	子供を育てるのにはお金がかかる。 It costs a lot to raise children.
97	のです (no desu)	Asks for an explanation or reason	彼は健康そのものです He is a picture of health.
98	きり (kiri)	Indicates a limit to an amount	私達は二人きりになった。 We were left alone.
99	きり (kiri)	Indicates the last time a certain incident occured	彼女とは別れたきり、一度も会っていない。I’ve never met her since I broke up with her.
100	とも (tomo)	Used with numbers and counters to mean “both” or “all”	三人とも、すごく親切だった。 All three (of them) were super friendly.
101	ながら (nagara)	Used with numbers and counters to mean “both” or “all”	彼は40度の熱がありながら、学校へ来た。He came to school with a fever of 40 degrees.
102	しか (shika)	Used with a negative verb to indicate limits on conditions or quantities meaning “only”	１００円しか持っていません。 I only have ¥100.
103	しかない (shika nai)	used with a verb meaning “to have no choice but to”	今やるしかない。 We must do it now.
104	し (shi)	Used as a conjunction, indicating two or more actions or states	いいえ。日本の生活は楽しいし、良い友達が居るし、帰りたくないです。 No. Life in Japan is fun, and I have good friends here. So I dont want to return.
105	し (shi)	Used as a conjunction indicating a reason	このホテルはもう一軒のよりいいし、値段も同じぐらいです。 This hotel is better than the other one, and it’s no more expensive.
106	とも (tomo)	Indicates inclusion	各社とも技術革新に取り組んでいる Each company is adopting technical improvements.
107	に (ni)	Indicates the one acting or the one acted upon	お医者さんに痩せるように言われました。 I was told by my doctor to lose weight.
108	か (ka)	Indicates uncertainty about something	まだ、何ができるかなんて分からない。 I still don’t know what it is (“what I can do”).
109	か (ka)	Indicates uncertainty about a state or reason	私も　ちょっと　だけ　たべたい。なにかを　シェア　しようか。 I want to have just a little, too. Shall we share something?
110	だの (dano)	Indicates two or more items or actions of a longer list (similar to toka とか)	ちちはさけだの、タバコだのがすきで、けんこうがしんぱいです。My father really likes things like alcohol and cigarettes, so I really worry for his health.
111	だの (dano)	Indicates a pair of opposite actions or states	お菓子だの、アイスだの甘いものばかり食べてるから虫歯になるんだよ。Because you only eat sweets and ice cream you are going to get some cavities.
112	など (nado)	“something to the effect”	お土産などを買いました。 I bought things like souvenirs.
113	やら (yara)	Indicates two or more items of a longer list	しゃぶしゃぶとやらを食べてみよう。 I’m going to try to eat something called “shabu shabu” or stuff like that.
114	やら (yara)	Indicates uncertainty	明日はどうやら雨らしいよ。 It looks like it’s going to rain tomorrow.
115	ても (temo)	Indicates an approximate limit with the meaning of “at the most”	たとえ両親が反対しても私は行く。 I will go even if my parents are against it.
116	とも (tomo)	Indicates an approximate maximum or minimum	少なくとも毎月一冊は本を読む。 I read at least one book every month.
117	は (wa)	Indicates that a number is the higher or lowest limit	誰しも一つや二つは秘密がある。 Anyone has a secret or two.
118	と (to)	Emphasizes a number in a negative sentence	もうこんなことが二度とないように気を付けるから、安心してね。
119	など (nado)	Indicates examples	私はいい服などがほしいです。 I want things like good clothes and such.
120	くらい (kurai)	Expresses an extent of an action or condition similar to ぐらい gurai	朝、３分くらいで髪を梳かす。 In the morning, I comb my hair for about three minutes.
121	ほど (hodo)	Indicates the extend of an action or condition	今夜は凍えるほど寒い It is cold enough to freeze tonight.
122	ほど (hodo)	“the more… the more…”	この計画は考えば考えるほど気に入りません。 The more I thought about the plan, the less I liked it.
123	だけ (dake)	“as… as…”	できるだけ早く来てください。 Please come as soon as possible.
124	だけ (dake)	“the more… the more…”	あと5分だけ一緒にいさせて。 Let me stay with him just five more minutes.
125	と (to)	“about to do something”, “trying to do something”	私は、現物を見ないと買い物ができないタイプだ。 I’m the kind of person who has to take a look at something before I buy it.
126	と (to)	“even if…”, “whether… or not”	急がないと、遅刻します。 I must hurry, or I’ll be late.
127	なり (nari)	“either…”, “whether…or”	わからないことがあったら、メールなり電話なりで聞いてください。If you have any questions, please ask by email or phone.
128	なり (nari)	“anything”, “anyone”, “any time”	お母さんは帰りが遅くなるから、冷凍食品なりレトルトなり好きなもの食べてね。Moms will be late to return, so eat frozen foods, retort pouches, or whatever you like.
129	こそ (koso)	Emphasizes the word preceding it	今度こそタバコをやめる決心をしました。 This time I’m determined to quit smoking.
130	こそ (koso)	Emphasizes a reason or a cause	借金 こそ 無い です が、貯金 も ありません。I have no debt, but I have no savings
131	ては (tewa)	Expresses repetition of an action	約束を忘れてはいけない。 You must not forget your promise.
132	に (ni)	Joins two or more nouns to indicate a list of items
133	に (ni)	Connects two or more items to indicate a matching or a contrast
134	にしては (ni shite wa)	Indicates a generally agreed upon standard	僕はゴルフに関しては素人だ。 I am an amateur at golf.
135	にとって (ni totte)	Indicates an effect or value of a person or thing	彼女にとって学校は地獄だ。 The school is hell for her.
136	について (ni tsuite)	“about”, “concerning” something or someone	人間の進化について学ぶ。 I study human evolution.
137	とも…とも (tomo… tomo)	“can’t say whether… or…”	それは正しいとも、間違っているとも言えない。I can’t say whether that is correct or not.
138	が (ga)	“even if”, “whether… or not”	4人なんですが、すぐに座れますか。 We are four people. Can we sit down right away?
139	は (wa)	Emphasizes contrasting elements	馬は好きじゃないが、犬いぬは好すきよ。I don’t like horses, but I like dogs.
140	として (toshite)	Indicates status, capacity or function	彼女は秘書として採用された。 She was employed as a secretary.
141	として (toshite)	Provides emphasis in a negative sentence	それが本当だとしても言い訳にはならない。 Even if it’s true, it is no excuse.
142	ばかりでなく(bakari de naku)	“not only… but also”	このマンションは狭いばかりでなく、暗いです。This apartment is not only very small, it’s also quite dark.
143	だけ (dake)	used to express “not only…but also”	彼女はきれいなだけではなく、とても頭がいい。 She’s not only beautiful, but also very smart.
144	のみ (nomi)	used to express “not only…but also”
145	なり (nari)	“as soon as”	家を出るなり、雨が降りだした。It started raining as soon as I left the house.
146	がはやいか (ga hayai ka)	“as soon as”	わたしの顔を見るが早いか、彼はしゃべりはじめた。He started talking as soon as he saw me.
147	やいなや (ya ina ya)	“as soon as”	彼が家から出てゆくやいなや、例の旅の男がはいってきた。As soon as he left the house, that traveler came in.
148	かないうちに (ka nai uchi ni)	“no sooner had”, “hardly had”	映画が終わるか終わらないかのうちに、観客は席を立った。The audience stood up before or after the movie was over.
149	ばかり (bakari)	Indicates the only action left to do	犯人がいまだ捕まらず、被害女性は増えるばかりだ。The criminal has not been caught yet, and the number of victims is increasing.
150	ばかりに (bakari ni)	Emphasizes a reason or cause	ホラー映画を見たばかりに、怖くてなかなか寝られない。I just watched a horror movie and I’m scared and can’t sleep easily.
151	すら (sura)	Emphasizes in the meaning of “even”	結婚すらしていない。 I’m not even married.
152	など (nado)	Expresses a humble attitude towards an item	日本の温泉は、水着などは着ないで、裸で入ります。 In Japanese hot springs, you enter naked, not wearing bathing suits or the like.
153	とも (tomo)	“no matter what”, “even if”	言わなくとも分かるはず。You don’t have to say it.
154	ともあろうひと (tomo aroo hito)	To express that someone did something not to be expected	教師ともあろう者が、こんな問題も解けないなんて情けない。It’s a pity that someone who might be a teacher can’t solve such a problem.
155	どころか (dokoro ka)	“far from”, “not to mention”	彼はワインどころかビールも飲まない。 He doesn’t even drink beer, let alone wine.
156	だけに (dake ni)	Indicates a cause or reason	だから、老後はゆっくりと自分のためだけに時間を使いたいんです。 So, in my old age, I want to use time leisurely just for myself, you see.
157	までもない (made mo nai)	“there is no need to…”	日本のアニメの内容が日本風であるのは言うまでもないが、時とともに、技術の発展に応じて変わってきた。It goes without saying that the content of Japanese animation is Japanese, but it has changed over time with the development of technology.
158	ものの (mono no)	“but” or “although”	人によって、ものの見方は違う。 Each person has a different point of view.
159	ところで (tokoro de)	“even if”	宿題をするところで、友達から電話が入った。 Just when I was about to do my homework I got a call from a friend.
160	けれども (keredomo)	Connects 2 sentences meaning “but” or “although”	早く寝たけれども、まだ眠たいです。 I went to sleep early but I am still tired.
161	けれども (keredomo)	Indicates a preliminary remark	電車は便利だけれども、いつも人が多い。 The train is convenient but there are always a lot of people.
162	が (ga)	Used to soften a statement or refusal	研究は難しいですが、面白いです。 The research is difficult but interesting.
163	けれども (keredomo)	Indicates a desire	日本は住み安いです。けれども、物価が高いです。 Japan is an easy place to live. However, the cost of living is high.
164	ね (ne)	At the end of a sentence to confirm a statement	「本当にそうですね。」 “Yes, they really are.”
165	ね (ne)	At the end of a sentence to soften a request or suggestion	男子のトイレは　どこ　ですかね。 I wonder where the boys’ restroom might be?
166	ね (ne)	At the end of a sentence to indicate a reason or cause	いい天気ですね。 The weather is nice, isn’t it?
167	ねえ (nee)	At the end of a sentence to indicate emotion	仕方ないですね。 I guess I have no choice.
168	よ (yo)	At the end of a sentence to state a strong conviction	電気がついたままですよ。 The light is still on.
169	よ (yo)	At the end of a sentence to articulate a request or suggestion	食べ物も美味しいですよ。 The food is also good.
170	かしら (kashira)	At the end of a sentence to express uncertainty, a request or a question and mainly used by women	ジョンさんは　どこに　いる　かしら。 I wonder where John is.
171	かな (kana)	At the end of a sentence to express uncertainty, a request or a question and mainly used by men	明日、雪がふるかな？ I wonder if it’ll snow tomorrow.
172	な (na)	At the end of a sentence and used by men to confirm a statement	ちょっとどうかな。 I wonder if it’ll go well…
173	な (na)	At the end of a sentence to express a prohibition, used by men	一人でするな。 Don’t do it alone.
174	なあ (naa)	At the end of a sentence to express emotion, used by men	日本語の先生は優しいなあ。 wow, isnt my Japanese professor nice!
175	なあ (naa)	At the end of a sentence to express a desire	早く週末にならないかなあ。 The weekend can’t come quick enough.
176	の (no)	At the end of a sentence to express a question or soften a command, used by women	トムのことまだ好きなの？ Do you still love Tom?
177	わ (wa)	At the end of a sentence to soften a statement, used by women	保健室で少し休んだわ。 I rested a little in the nurse’s office.
178	さ (sa)	At the end of a sentence to indicate slight emphasis, used by men	隙を見せりゃ、やられるのさ。 “If you show ’em a weakness, you’ll get got.”
179	こと (koto)	At the end of a sentence to indicate emotion, used by women	大切なのは、あきらめず、障害を乗り越えること。The important thing is not to give up and to overcome obstacles.
180	こと (koto)	At the end of a sentence to express a suggestion or invitation, used by women	全ての関係者が改善のプロセスにおいて当事者意識を持っていること。All parties have a sense of ownership in the process of improvement.
181	もの (mono)	At the end of a sentence to express a reason or excuse	死ほど恐ろしいものはない。 There is nothing scarier than death.
182	とも (tomo)	At the end of a sentence to express an assertion	これは本物とも偽物とも判断が出来ません。I can’t tell whether this is genuine or fake.
183	ものか (monoka)	At the end of a sentence to express a negative determination, used by men	あんなところへだれがいくものか。Who would think of going there?
184	や (ya)	At the end of a sentence to soften a statement, request or suggestion, used by men	それが実はアイロンではないからや Because it’s not actually an iron
185	たら (tara)	At the end of a sentence to indicate a suggestion or proposal	トムを許してあげたら？ Forgive Tom.
186	やら (yara)	At the end of a sentence to indicate a rhetorical question with a negative implication	やるのはいつになるのやら　When will i do it
187	ぜ (ze)	At the end of a sentence to add for to sentence, used by men	やったぜ！ I made it!
188	ぞ (zo)	At the end of a sentence to add force to a sentence or to express a question to oneself	彼の名前を度忘れしたぞ。 His name has completely slipped from my memory.